It has long been recognized that interstitial cystitis (IC) is a disease of the urothelium.
In this article, we review the results of published studies and present new data concerning
the precise role of the bladder epithelium in IC. We discuss bladder defenses against
both the penetration of urinary solutes and bacterial adherence, and we present new
information about the proteoglycans that are present on the normal bladder. Previously
published results and new data presented here support the conclusion that IC involves
an aberrant differentiation program in the bladder urothelium that leads to altered
synthesis of several proteoglycans, cell adhesion and tight junction proteins, and
bacterial defense molecules such as GP51. These findings lend support to the rationale
for glycosaminoglycan replacement therapy for the treatment of patients with IC.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to UrologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Interstitial cystitis: early diagnosis, pathology, and treatment.Urology. 1978; 12: 381-392
- Effect of pentosan polysulfate therapy on intravesical potassium sensitivity.Urology. 2002; 59: 329-333
- A new direct test of bladder permeability.J Urol. 2000; 164: 419-422
- Distinctive ultrastructural pathology of nonulcerative interstitial cystitis: new observations and their potential significance in pathogenesis.Urol Int. 1996; 56: 137-162
- Increased nerve growth factor levels in the urinary bladder of women with idiopathic sensory urgency and interstitial cystitis.Br J Urol. 1997; 79: 572-577
- Permeability properties of the intact mammalian bladder epithelium.Am J Physiol. 1996; 271: F886-F894
- Identification of a mucin layer in the urinary bladder.Urology. 1994; 44: 26-33
- Identification of proteoglycans present at high density on bovine and human bladder luminal surface.J Urol. 1994; 152: 1641-1645
- Ultrastructural study of an antibody-stabilized bladder surface: a new perspective on the elusive glycosaminoglycan layer.World J Urol. 1994; 12: 11-14
- Functional and structural characteristics of the glycosaminoglycans of the bladder luminal surface.J Urol. 1987; 138: 433-437
- Role of surface mucin in primary antibacterial defense of bladder.Urology. 1977; 9: 48-52
- Modulation of epithelial permeability by extracellular macromolecules.Physiol Rev. 1995; 75: 561-589
- Structural basis of urothelial permeability barrier function as revealed by Cryo-EM studies of the 16 nm uroplakin particle.J Cell Sci. 2003; 116: 4087-4094
- Characterization and immunohistochemical localization of the glycoconjugates of the rabbit bladder mucosa.Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996; 330: 163-173
- The role of glycosaminoglycans in normal bladder physiology and the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis.in: Sant G.R. Interstitial Cystitis. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia1997: 93-100
- Urinary proteases degrade epithelial sodium channels.J Membr Biol. 1991; 122: 77-88
- Abnormal expression of molecular markers for bladder impermeability and differentiation in the urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis.J Urol. 2004; 171: 1554-1558
- Inverse expression of uroplakins and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the urothelium of patients with bladder outlet obstruction.BJU Int. 2003; 91: 507-512
- Interaction of bladder glycoprotein GP51 with uropathogenic bacteria.J Urol. 2001; 165: 1342-1346
- The urinary glycoprotein GP51 as a clinical marker for interstitial cystitis.J Urol. 1999; 161: 1786-1790
- Decreased expression of a glycoprotein component of bladder surface mucin (GP1) in interstitial cystitis.J Urol. 1994; 151: 343-345
- Urinary tract glycoprotein: distribution and antigenic specificity.World J Urol. 1994; 12: 21-26
- Urinary bladder glycoproteins of the rabbit: extraction, biochemical and immunological studies.Immunol Invest. 1985; 14: 41-55
- Role of urothelial surface mucoprotein in intrinsic bladder defense.Urology. 1977; 9: 526-533
- Decrease in rabbit bladder mucosal glycoprotein after oophorectomy.J Urol. 1984; 132: 380-383
- An antiproliferative factor from interstitial cystitis patients is a frizzled 8 protein-related sialoglycopeptide.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101: 11803-11808
- Interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF) as a cell-cycle modulator.BMC Urol. 2004; 4: 3-8
- Changes in human bladder epithelial cell gene expression associated with interstitial cystitis or antiproliferative factor treatment.Physiol Genomics. 2003; 14: 107-115
- A comparison of multiple urine markers for interstitial cystitis.J Urol. 2002; 167: 2461-2469
- Current and future directions in diagnostic markers in interstitial cystitis.Int J Urol. 2003; 10: S27-S30
- Selection and development of biomarkers for bladder cancer.in: Hanausek M. Walaszek Z. Tumor Marker Protocols. vol 14. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ1998: 37-60
- Comparison of APF activity and epithelial growth factor levels in urine from Chinese, African-American, and white American patients with interstitial cystitis.Urology. 2003; 61: 897-901
- Disruption of gastrulation and heparan sulfate biosynthesis in EXT1-deficient mice.Dev Biol. 2000; 224: 299-311
- Heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface: versatile coordinators of cellular functions.Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2000; 32: 269-288
- Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function.Annu Rev Biochem. 1998; 67: 609-652
- Cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in tumor cell adhesion, motility and invasion.Semin Cancer Biol. 1996; 7: 155-162
- Structure-activity relationships of heparin: independence of heparin charge density and antithrombin-binding domains in thrombin inhibition by antithrombin and heparin cofactor II.J Clin Invest. 1983; 72: 1042-1045
- Molecular diversity of heparan sulfate.J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 169-173
- Microbial adherence to and invasion through proteoglycans.Infect Immun. 1997; 65: 1-8
- Tamm-Horsfall protein binds to type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli and prevents E. coli from binding to uroplakin Ia and Ib receptors.J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 9924-9930
- Versican/PG-M isoforms in vascular smooth muscle cells.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 1630-1639
- Connective tissues: matrix composition and its relevance to physical therapy.Phys Ther. 1999; 79: 308-319
- In vivo involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the bioavailability, internalization, and catabolism of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor.Mol Pharmacol. 1999; 55: 74-82
- Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.Annu Rev Biochem. 1999; 68: 729-777
- Syndecans: synergistic activators of cell adhesion.Trends Cell Biol. 1998; 8: 189-192
- Studies on macromolecular components of human glomerular basement membrane and alterations in diabetes: decreased levels of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and laminin.Diabetes. 1987; 36: 374-381
- Formation of hyaluronan- and versican-rich pericellular matrix is required for proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 1004-1013
- Cartilage proteoglycans: structure and potential functions.Microsc Res Tech. 1994; 28: 385-397
- The extracellular matrix and atherosclerosis.Curr Opin Lipidol. 1995; 6: 326-334
- The role of proteoglycans in cell adhesion, migration and proliferation.Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1992; 4: 793-801
- The murine decorin: complete cDNA cloning, genomic organization, chromosomal assignment, and expression during organogenesis and tissue differentiation.J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 28270-28281
- Decorin is a biological ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor.J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 4489-4492
- Epidermal growth factor—interactions with normal and malignant urothelium: in vivo and in situ studies.J Urol. 1987; 138: 1329-1335
- Perlecan: a gem of a proteoglycan.Matrix. 1994; 14: 203-208
- Suppression of autocrine and paracrine functions of basic fibroblast growth factor by stable expression of perlecan antisense cDNA.Mol Cell Biol. 1997; 17: 1938-1946
- The biology of perlecan: the multifaceted heparan sulphate proteoglycan of basement membranes and pericellular matrices.Biochem J. 1994; 302: 625-639
- Concentrations of specific epithelial growth factors in the urine of interstitial cystitis patients and controls.J Urol. 1997; 158: 1983-1988
- Role of heparan sulfate as a tissue-specific regulator of FGF-4 and FGF receptor recognition.J Cell Biol. 2001; 155: 845-858
- New role of glycosaminoglycans on the plasma membrane proposed by their interaction with phosphatidylcholine.FEBS Lett. 2000; 477: 249-252
- Exogenous glycosaminoglycans coat damaged bladder surfaces in experimentally damaged mouse bladder.BMC Urol. 2005; 5: 4-8
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2007 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
