Urology
Volume 70, Issue 6, Supplement 1 , Pages S3-S8 , December 2007

Preoperative Prediction of Multifocal Prostate Cancer and Application of Focal Therapy: Review 2007

  • Isabelle Meiers

      Affiliations

    • Bostwick Laboratories, Glen Allen, Virginia, USA
    • Dr. Meiers has no financial arrangement or affiliation with a corporate organization or a manufacturer of a product discussed in this supplement. Dr. Waters has no financial arrangement or affiliation with a corporate organization or a manufacturer of a product discussed in this supplement. Dr. Bostwick is a study investigator for Bioniche, Dendreon, DiagnoCure, Endocare, Genotherapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, and Health Tronics; and is the founder and majority shareholder in Bostwick Laboratories.
  • ,
  • David J. Waters

      Affiliations

    • Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation and The Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
  • ,
  • David G. Bostwick

      Affiliations

    • Bostwick Laboratories, Glen Allen, Virginia, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: David G. Bostwick, MD, MBA, Bostwick Laboratories, 4355 Innslake Drive, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060.

References 

  1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:43–66
  2. Albertsen PC. PSA and the conservative treatment of early prostate cancer. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2006;78:152–153
  3. Smither AR, Guralnick ML, Davis NB, et al. Quantifying the natural history of post-radical prostatectomy incontinence using objective pad test data. BMC Urol. 2007;7:2–9
  4. Matthew AG, Goldman A, Trachtenberg J, et al. Sexual dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: prevalence, treatments, restricted use of treatments and distress. J Urol. 2005;174:2105–2110
  5. Bhatnagar V, Stewart ST, Huynh V, et al. Estimating the risk of long-term erectile, urinary and bowel symptoms resulting from prostate cancer treatment. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9:136–146
  6. Akduman B, Barqawi AB, Crawford ED. Minimally invasive surgery in prostate cancer: current and future perspectives. Cancer J. 2005;11:355–361
  7. Grubb RL, Vardi IY, Bhayani SB, et al. Minimally invasive approaches to localized prostate carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:879–895
  8. Carter HB, Walsh PC, Landis P, et al. Expectant management of nonpalpable prostate cancer with curative intent: preliminary results. J Urol. 2002;167:1231–1234
  9. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, et al. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. JAMA. 1994;271:368–374
  10. Villers A, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, et al. Multiple cancers in the prostate: morphologic features of clinically recognized versus incidental tumors. Cancer. 1992;70:2313–2318
  11. Miller GJ, Cygan JM. Morphology of prostate cancer: the effects of multifocality on histological grade, tumor volume and capsule penetration. J Urol. 1994;152:1709–1713
  12. Djavan B, Susani M, Bursa B, et al. Predictability and significance of multifocal prostate cancer in the radical prostatectomy specimen. Tech Urol. 1999;5:139–142
  13. Noguchi M, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, et al. Prognostic factors for multifocal prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens: lack of significance of secondary cancers. J Urol. 2003;170:459–463
  14. Song SY, Kim SR, Ahn G, et al. Pathologic characteristics of prostatic adenocarcinomas: a mapping analysis of Korean patients. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2003;6:143–147
  15. Ng JC, Koch MO, Daggy JK, et al. Perineural invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens: lack of prognostic significance. J Urol. 2004;172:2249–2251
  16. Eichelberger LE, Cheng L. Does pT2b prostate carcinoma exist? (Critical appraisal of the 2002 TNM classification of prostate carcinoma). Cancer. 2004;100:2573–2576
  17. Horninger W, Berger AP, Rogatsch H, et al. Characteristics of prostate cancers detected at low PSA levels. Prostate. 2004;58:232–237
  18. Cheng L, Jones TD, Pan CX, et al. Anatomic distribution and pathologic characterization of small-volume prostate cancer (<0.5 ml) in whole-mount prostatectomy specimens. Mod Pathol. 2005;18:1022–1026
  19. Torlakovic G, Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, et al. Volume-related sequence of tumor distribution pattern in prostate carcinoma: importance of posterior midline crossover in predicting tumor volume, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion. Croat Med J. 2005;46:429–435
  20. Magi-Galluzzi C, Roma A, Jones S, et al. Pathologic features of single-nodule prostatic carcinoma. [abstract] Lab Invest. 2006;86:148A
  21. Muezzinoglu B, Frolov A, Ohori M, et al. Clinicopathologic significance of multifocal prostate cancer. [abstract] Lab Invest. 2006;86:151A
  22. McNeal JE, Price HM, Redwine EA, et al. Stage A versus stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate: morphological comparison and biological significance. J Urol. 1988;139:61–65
  23. Stamey TA, Freiha FS, McNeal JE, et al. Localized prostate cancer: relationship of tumor volume to clinical significance for treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer. 1993;71:933–938
  24. Epstein JI, Chan DW, Sokoll LJ, et al. Nonpalpable stage T1c prostate cancer: prediction of insignificant disease using free/total prostate specific antigen levels and needle biopsy findings. J Urol. 1998;160:2407–2411
  25. Goto Y, Ohori M, Arakawa A, et al. Distinguishing clinically important from unimportant prostate cancers before treatment: value of systematic biopsies. J Urol. 1996;156:1059–1063
  26. Irwin MB, Trapasso JG. Identification of insignificant prostate cancers: analysis of preoperative parameters. Urology. 1994;44:862–867discussion 867–868
  27. Chan TY, Chan DY, Stutzman KL, et al. Does increased needle biopsy sampling of the prostate detect a higher number of potentially insignificant tumors?. J Urol. 2001;166:2181–2184
  28. Noguchi M, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, et al. Relationship between systematic biopsies and histological features of 222 radical prostatectomy specimens: lack of prediction of tumor significance for men with nonpalpable prostate cancer. J Urol. 2001;166:104–109discussion 109–110
  29. Elgamal AA, Van Poppel HP, Van de Voorde WM, et al. Impalpable invisible stage T1c prostate cancer: characteristics and clinical relevance in 100 radical prostatectomy specimens—a different view. J Urol. 1997;157:244–250
  30. Augustin H, Hammerer PG, Graefen M, et al. Insignificant prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimen: time trends and preoperative prediction. Eur Urol. 2003;43:455–460
  31. Miyake H, Sakai I, Harada K, et al. Prediction of potentially insignificant prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically organ-confined disease. Int J Urol. 2005;12:270–274
  32. Mai KT, Landry DC, Yazdi HM, et al. Identification of isolated and early prostatic adenocarcinoma in radical prostatectomy specimens with correlation to biopsy cores: clinical and pathogenetic significance. Pathol Res Pract. 2002;198:655–663
  33. Eichelberger LE, Koch MO, Daggy JK, et al. Predicting tumor volume in radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostate cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;120:386–391
  34. Barqawi A, Crawford ED. Focal therapy in prostate cancer: future trends. BJU Int. 2005;95:273–274
  35. Bostwick DG, Myers RP, Oesterling J. Staging of prostate cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 1994;10:60–72
  36. Blackwell KL, Bostwick DG, Myers RP, et al. Combining prostate specific antigen with cancer and gland volume to predict more reliably pathological stage: the influence of prostate specific antigen cancer density. J Urol. 1994;151:1565–1570
  37. Partin AW, Chan DW, Epsetin JI, et al. Prostate specific antigen in the staging of localized prostate cancer: influence of tumor differentiation, tumor volume, and benign hyperplasia. J Urol. 1990;143:747–752
  38. Stamey TA, Hay AR, McNeal JE, et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:909–916
  39. Kikuchi E, Scardino PT, Wheeler TM, et al. Is tumor volume an independent prognostic factor in clinically localized prostate cancer?. J Urol. 2004;172:508–511
  40. Cupp MR, Bostwick DG, Myers RP, et al. The volume of prostate cancer in the biopsy specimen cannot reliably predict the quantity of cancer in the radical prostatectomy specimen on an individual basis. J Urol. 1995;153:1543–1548
  41. Ravery V, Schmid HP, Toublanc M, et al. Is the percentage of cancer in biopsy cores predictive of extracapsular disease in T1-T2 prostate carcinoma?. Cancer. 1996;78:1079–1084
  42. Terris MK, McNeal JE, Stamey TA. Detection of clinically significant prostate cancer by transrectal ultrasound–guided systematic biopsies. J Urol. 1992;148:829–832
  43. McNeal JE, Bostwick DG, Kindrachuk RA, et al. Patterns of progression in prostate cancer. Lancet. 1986;1:60–63
  44. McNeal JE, Villers AA, Redwine EA, et al. Histologic differentiation, cancer volume, and pelvic lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer. 1990;66:1225–1233
  45. Egawa S, Go M, Kuwao S, et al. Long-term impact of conservative management on localized prostate cancer: a twenty-year experience in Japan. Urology. 1993;42:520–526discussion 526–527
  46. Chen ME, Johnston DA, Tang K, et al. Detailed mapping of prostate carcinoma foci: biopsy strategy implications. Cancer. 2000;89:1800–1809
  47. Erbersdobler AFH, Schnoger S, Graefen M, et al. Tumour grade, proliferation, apoptosis, microvessel density, p53, and bcl-2 in prostate cancers: differences between tumours located in the transition zone and in the peripheral zone. Eur Urol. 2002;41:40–46
  48. Sakai IHK, Hara I, Eto H, et al. A comparison of the biological features between prostate cancers arising in the transition and peripheral zones. BJU Int. 2005;96:528–532
  49. Eskicorapci SY, Guliyev F, Akdogan B, et al. Individualization of the biopsy protocol according to the prostate gland volume for prostate cancer detection. J Urol. 2005;173:1536–1540
  50. Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Bostwick DG, et al. Proximity of prostate cancer to the urethra: implications for minimally invasive ablative therapies. Urology. 2000;56:726–729
  51. Larson TR, Bostwick DG, Corica A. Temperature-correlated histopathologic changes following microwave thermoablation of obstructive tissue in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1996;47:463–469
  52. Lerner SE, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Analysis of risk factors for progression in patients with pathologically confined prostate cancers after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol. 1996;156:137–143
  53. Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Iocca A, et al. Use of Gleason score, prostate specific antigen, seminal vesicle and margin status to predict biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2001;165:119–125
  54. Groll R, Fleshner NE, Sugar L, et al. Clinical significance of biopsy-derived primary Gleason score among radical prostatectomy candidates with Gleason 7 tumors. Urology. 2002;59:551–554
  55. Makarov DV, Sanderson H, Partin AW, et al. Gleason score 7 prostate cancer on needle biopsy: is the prognostic difference in Gleason scores 4 + 3 and 3 + 4 independent of the number of involved cores?. J Urol. 2002;167:2440–2442
  56. Vira MA, Hwang W-T, D’Amico AV, et al. Impact of the percentage of positive biopsy cores on the further stratification of primary grade 3 and grade 4 Gleason score 7 tumors in radical prostatectomy patients. J Urol. 2005;66:1015–1019
  57. Tollefson MK, Leibovich BC, Slezak JM, et al. Long-term prognostic significance of primary Gleason pattern in patients with Gleason score 7 prostate cancer: impact on prostate cancer specific survival. J Urol. 2006;175:547–551
  58. Stamey TA, McNeal JE, Yemoto CM, et al. Biological determinants of cancer progression in men with prostate cancer. JAMA. 1999;281:1395–1400
  59. Han M, Snow PB, Epstein JI, et al. A neural network predicts progression for men with gleason score 3+4 versus 4+3 tumors after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2000;56:994–999
  60. Rasiah KK, Stricker PD, Haynes AM, et al. Prognostic significance of Gleason pattern in patients with Gleason score 7 prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98:2560–2565
  61. Sakr WA, Tefilli MV, Grignon DJ, et al. Gleason score 7 prostate cancer: a heterogeneous entity? (Correlation with pathologic parameters and disease-free survival). Urology. 2000;56:730–734
  62. Herman CM, Kattan MW, Ohori M, et al. Primary Gleason pattern as a predictor of disease progression in gleason score 7 prostate cancer: a multivariate analysis of 823 men treated with radical prostatectomy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:657–660
  63. Lau WK, Blute ML, Bostwick DG, et al. Prognostic factors for survival of patients with pathological Gleason score 7 prostate cancer: differences in outcome between primary Gleason grades 3 and 4. J Urol. 2001;166:1692–1697
  64. Chan TY, Partin AW, Walsh PC, et al. Prognostic significance of Gleason score 3+4 versus Gleason score 4+3 tumor at radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2000;56:823–827

PII: S0090-4295(07)00664-4

doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1129

Urology
Volume 70, Issue 6, Supplement 1 , Pages S3-S8 , December 2007