Urology
Volume 59, Issue 6 , Pages 797-802 , June 2002

Free prostate-specific antigen in serum is becoming more complex

  • Stephen D Mikolajczyk

      Affiliations

    • Hybritech Incorporated, a subsidiary of Beckman Coulter, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
    • ,
  • Leonard S Marks

      Affiliations

    • University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
    • ,
  • Alan W Partin

      Affiliations

    • Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • ,
  • Harry G Rittenhouse

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Harry G. Rittenhouse, Beckman Coulter (Hybritech Inc.), 7330 Carroll Road, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
    • Hybritech Incorporated, a subsidiary of Beckman Coulter, Inc., San Diego, California, USA

Received 22 August 2001 ,Accepted 7 November 2001.

References 

  1. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al.  Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1156–1161
  2. Oesterling JE. Prostate-specific antigen (a critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate). J Urol. 1991;145:907–923
  3. Labrie F, Dupont A, Suburu R, et al.  Serum prostate specific antigen as pre-screening test for prostate cancer. J Urol. 1992;147:846–851
  4. Lilja H, Christensson A, Dahlen U, et al.  Prostate-specific antigen in serum occurs predominantly in complex with α1-antichymotrypsin. Clin Chem. 1991;37:1618–1625
  5. Stenman UH, Leinonen J, Alfthan H, et al.  A complex between prostate specific antigen and α1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer (assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer). Cancer Res. 1991;51:222–226
  6. Paus E, Nustad K, Bormer OP. Epitope mapping and affinity estimation of 83 antibodies against prostate-specific antigen. Tumour Biol. 1999;20(suppl 1):52–69
  7. Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, et al.  Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease (a prospective multicenter clinical trial). JAMA. 1998;279:1542–1547
  8. Woodrum DL, Brawer MK, Partin AW, et al.  Interpretation of free prostate specific antigen clinical research studies for the detection of prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998;159:5–12
  9. Mikolajczyk SD, Grauer LS, Millar LS, et al.  A precursor form of PSA (pPSA) is a component of the free PSA in prostate cancer serum. Urology. 1997;50:710–714
  10. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ, et al.  A precursor form of prostate-specific antigen is more highly elevated in prostate cancer compared with benign transition zone prostate tissue. Cancer Res. 2000;60:756–759
  11. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ, et al.  “BPSA,” a specific molecular form of free prostate-specific antigen, is found predominantly in the transition zone of patients with nodular benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2000;55:41–45
  12. Peter J, Unverzagt C, Krogh TN, et al.  Identification of precursor forms of prostate-specific antigen in serum of prostate cancer patients by immunosorption and mass spectrometry. Cancer Res. 2001;61:957–962
  13. Mikolajczyk SD, Marker KM, Millar LS, et al.  A truncated precursor form of prostate-specific antigen is a more specific serum marker of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2001;61:6958–6963
  14. Kumar A, Mikolajczyk SD, Goel AS, et al.  Expression of pro form of prostate-specific antigen by mammalian cells and its conversion to mature, active form by human kallikrein 2. Cancer Res. 1997;57:3111–3114
  15. Khan AR, James MNG. Molecular mechanisms for the conversion of zymogens to active proteolytic enzymes. Protein Sci. 1998;7:815–836
  16. Rittenhouse HG, Finlay JA, Mikolajczyk SD, et al.  Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (two closely related, but distinct, kallikreins in the prostate). Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1998;35:275–368
  17. Takayama TK, Carter CA, Deng T. Activation of prostate-specific antigen precursor (pro-PSA) by prostin, a novel human prostatic serine protease identified by degenerate PCR. Biochemistry. 2001;40:1679–1687
  18. Noldus J, Chen Z, Stamey T. Isolation and characterization of free form prostate specific antigen (f-PSA) in sera of men with prostate cancer. J Urol. 1997;158:1606–1609
  19. Hilz H, Noldus J, Hammerer P, et al.  Molecular heterogeneity of free PSA in sera of patients with benign and malignant prostate tumors. Eur Urol. 1999;36:286–292
  20. Chan TY, Mikolajczyk SD, Rittenhouse HG, et al.  Immunohistochemical staining of prostate cancer with a monoclonal antibody to the precursor of prostate-specific antigen. (abstract) J Urol. 2001;165:315
  21. Lovgren J, Tian S, Lundwall A, et al.  Production and activation of recombinant hK2 with propeptide mutations resulting in high expression levels. Eur J Biochem. 1999;266:1050–1055
  22. Takayama TK, Fujikawa K, Davie EW. Characterization of the precursor of prostate-specific antigen—activation by trypsin and by human glandular kallikrein. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:21582–21588
  23. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Marker KM, et al.  seminal plasma contains “BPSA,” a molecular form of prostate specific antigen that is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate. 2000;45:271–276
  24. Marks LS, Linton HJ, Gasior CL, et al.  BPSA is a potential serum marker for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). (abstract) J Urol. 2001;165:266
  25. Chen Z, Chen H, Stamey TA. Prostate specific antigen in benign prostatic hyperplasia (purification and characterization). J Urol. 1997;157:2166–2170
  26. Roehrborn CG, Boyle P, Bergner D, et al.  Serum prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume predict long-term changes in symptoms and flow rate (results of a four-year, randomized trial comparing finasteride versus placebo). Urology. 1999;54:662–669
  27. Marks LS, Partin AW, Gormley GJ, et al.  Prostate tissue composition and response to finasteride in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1997;157:2171–2178
  28. Zhang WM, Leinonen J, Kalkkinen N, et al.  Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen in human seminal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995;41:1567–1573
  29. Kumar A, Mikolajczyk SD, Hill TM, et al.  Different proportions of various prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) forms are present in noninduced and androgen-induced LNCaP cells. Prostate. 2000;44:248–254
  30. Nurmikko P, Vaisanen V, Piironen T, et al.  Production and characterization of novel anti-prostate-specific antigen (PSA) monoclonal antibodies that do not detect internally cleaved Lys145-Lys146 inactive PSA. Clin Chem. 2000;46:1610–1618
  31. Nurmikko P, Pettersson K, Piironen T, et al.  Discrimination of prostate cancer from benign disease by plasma measurement of intact, free prostate-specific antigen lacking an internal cleavage site at Lys145-Lys146. Clin Chem. 2001;47:1415–1423
  32. Brawer MK, Meyer GE, Letran JL, et al.  Measurement of complexed PSA improves specificity for early detection of prostate cancer. Urology. 1998;52:372–378
  33. Brawer MK, Cheli CD, Neaman IE, et al.  Complexed prostate specific antigen provides significant enhancement of specificity compared with total prostate specific antigen for detecting prostate cancer. J Urol. 2000;163:1476–1480
  34. Stamey TA, Yemoto CE. Examination of the 3 molecular forms of serum prostate specific antigen for distinguishing negative from positive biopsy (relationship to transition zone volume). J Urol. 2000;163:119–126
  35. Jung K, Elgeti U, Lein M, et al.  Ratio of free or complexed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to total PSA (which ratio improves differentiation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer?). Clin Chem. 2000;46:55–62
  36. Lein M, Jung K, Hammerer P, et al.  A multicenter clinical trial on the use of alpha1-antichymotrypsin–prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate. 2001;47:77–84
  37. Bjartell A, Bjork T, Matikainen MT, et al.  Production of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin by PSA-containing cells of human prostate epithelium. Urology. 1993;42:502–510
  38. Bjork T, Bjartell A, Abrahamsson PA, et al.  Alphal-antichymotrypsin production in PSA-producing cells is common in prostate cancer but rare in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1994;43:427–434
  39. Jung K, Brux B, Lein M, et al.  Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen in malignant and benign prostatic tissue (biochemical and diagnostic implications). Clin Chem. 2000;46:47–54
  40. Peter J, Unverzagt C, Hoesel W. Analysis of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after chemical release from the complex with alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT). Clin Chem. 2000;46:474–482
  41. Lin DW, Noteboom JL, Blumenstein BA, et al.  Serum percent free prostate-specific antigen in metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 1998;52:366–371
  42. Lilja H, Haese A, Bjork T, et al.  Significance and metabolism of complexed and noncomplexed prostate specific antigen forms, and human glandular kallikrein 2 in clinically localized prostate cancer before and after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1999;162:2029–2034
  43. van Iersel MP, Witjes WP, de la Rosette JJ, et al.  Prostate-specific antigen density (correlation with histological diagnosis of prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis). Br J Urol. 1995;76:47–53

PII: S0090-4295(01)01605-3

Urology
Volume 59, Issue 6 , Pages 797-802 , June 2002

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution