Urology
Volume 57, Issue 4, Supplement 1 , Pages 39-45 , April 2001

The molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer: Implications for prostate cancer prevention

  • William G Nelson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Oncology (WGN, AMD, TLD), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Department of Medicine (WGN), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: William G. Nelson, MD, PhD, Marburg 411, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287
    • ,
  • Angelo M De Marzo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology (WGN, AMD, TLD), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Department of Pharmacology (WGN), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • ,
  • Theodore L DeWeese

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology (WGN, AMD), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

References 

  1. Carter HB, Coffey DS. The prostate (an increasing medical problem). Prostate. 1990;16:39–48
  2. Carter HB, Piantadosi S, Isaacs JT. Clinical evidence for and implications of the multistep development of prostate cancer. J Urol. 1990;143:742–746
  3. Scher HI, Fossa S. Prostate cancer in the era of prostate-specific antigen. Curr Opin Oncol. 1995;7:281–291
  4. Walsh PC, Partin AW, Epstein JI. Cancer control and quality of life following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy (results at 10 years [see comments]). J Urol. 1994;152:1831–1836
  5. Hanks GE, Krall JM, Hanlon AL, Asbell SO, Pilepich MV, Owen JB. Patterns of care and RTOG studies in prostate cancer (long-term survival, hazard rate observations, and possibilities of cure). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;28:39–45
  6. American Cancer Society Surveillance Research 1998. The American Cancer Society, Incorporated, 1998.
  7. Brawley OW, Knopf K, Thompson I. The epidemiology of prostate cancer part II (the risk factors). Semin Urol Oncol. 1998;16:193–201
  8. Brawley OW, Knopf K, Merrill R. The epidemiology of prostate cancer part I (descriptive epidemiology). Semin Urol Oncol. 1998;16:187–192
  9. Haenszel W, Kurihara M. Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968;40:43–68
  10. Breslow N, Chan CW, Dhom G, et al.  Latent carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France. Int J Cancer. 1977;20:680–688
  11. Sakr WA, Grignon DJ, Crissman JD, et al.  High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma between the ages of 20–69 (an autopsy study of 249 cases). In Vivo. 1994;8:439–443
  12. Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, et al.  Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels (results of a prospective analysis). Cancer Res. 1999;59:1225–1230
  13. Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, et al.  Energy, nutrient intake and prostate cancer risk (a population-based case-control study in Sweden). Int J Cancer. 1996;68:716–722
  14. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, et al.  A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:1571–1579[see comments]
  15. Clinton SK, Giovannucci E. Diet, nutrition, and prostate cancer. Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:413–440
  16. Kolonel LN, Yoshizawa CN, Hankin JH. Diet and prostatic cancer (a case-control study in Hawaii). Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127:999–1012
  17. Ross RK, Shimizu H, Paganini-Hill A, et al.  Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in southern California. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987;78:869–874
  18. Suzuki H, Freije D, Nusskern DR, et al.  Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Cancer Res. 1998;58:204–209
  19. Cheng L, Song SY, Pretlow TG, et al.  Evidence of independent origin of multiple tumors from patients with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:233–237
  20. Deubler DA, Williams BJ, Zhu XL, et al.  Allelic loss detected on chromosomes 8, 10, and 17 by fluorescence in situ hybridization using single-copy P1 probes on isolated nuclei from paraffin-embedded prostate tumors [see comments]. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:841–850
  21. Cunningham JM, Shan A, Wick MJ, et al.  Allelic imbalance and microsatellite instability in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1996;56:4475–4482
  22. Visakorpi T, Kallioniemi AH, Syvanen AC, et al.  Genetic changes in primary and recurrent prostate cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res. 1995;55:342–347
  23. Macoska JA, Trybus TM, Sakr WA, et al.  Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of 8p allelic loss and chromosome 8 instability in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3824–3830
  24. Sakr WA, Macoska JA, Benson P, et al.  Allelic loss in locally metastatic, multisampled prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3273–3277
  25. Isaacs WB, Bova GS, Morton RA, et al.  Genetic alterations in prostate cancer. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1994;59:653–659
  26. De Marzo AM, Nelson WG, Meeker AK, et al.  Stem cell features of benign and malignant prostate epithelial cells. J Urol. 1998;160:2381–2392
  27. Brooks JD, Weinstein M, Lin X, et al.  CG island methylation changes near the GSTP1 gene in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7:531–536
  28. Lee WH, Isaacs WB, Bova GS, et al.  CG island methylation changes near the GSTP1 gene in prostatic carcinoma cells detected using the polymerase chain reaction (a new prostate cancer biomarker). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6:443–450
  29. Lee WH, Morton RA, Epstein JI, et al.  Cytidine methylation of regulatory sequences near the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene accompanies human prostatic carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:11733–11737
  30. Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. The glutathione S-transferase supergene family (regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance). Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;30:445–600
  31. Li DH, Randerath K. Association between diet and age-related DNA modifications (I-compounds) in rat liver and kidney. Cancer Res. 1990;50:3991–3996
  32. Li D, Randerath K. Modulation of DNA modification (I-compound) levels in rat liver and kidney by dietary carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral content. Mutat Res. 1992;275:47–56
  33. Wattenberg LW. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res. 1985;45:1–8
  34. Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. Broccoli sprouts (an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:10367–10372
  35. Zhang Y, Kensler TW, Cho CG, et al.  Anticarcinogenic activities of sulforaphane and structurally related synthetic norbornyl isothiocyanates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:3147–3150
  36. Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, et al.  A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli (isolation and elucidation of structure). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:2399–2403
  37. Prochaska HJ, Santamaria AB, and Talalay P: Rapid detection of inducers of enzymes that protect against carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2394–2398, 1992.
  38. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:7915–7922
  39. Ames BN, Gold LS, Willett WC. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:5258–5265
  40. Wood ML, Dizdaroglu M, Gajewski E, et al.  Mechanistic studies of ionizing radiation and oxidative mutagenesis (genetic effects of a single 8-hydroxyguanine (7-hydro-8-oxoguanine) residue inserted at a unique site in a viral genome). Biochemistry. 1990;29:7024–7032
  41. Malins DC, Polissar NL, Gunselman SJ. Models of DNA structure achieve almost perfect discrimination between normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and adenocarcinoma and have a high potential for predicting BPH and prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:259–264
  42. Ripple MO, Henry WF, Rago RP, et al.  Prooxidant-antioxidant shift induced by androgen treatment of human prostate carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:40–48[see comments]
  43. McManus ME, Burgess WM, Veronese ME, et al.  Metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene and activation of food-derived heterocyclic amine mutagens by human cytochromes P-450. Cancer Res. 1990;50:3367–3376
  44. Snyderwine EG. Some perspectives on the nutritional aspects of breast cancer research. Food-derived heterocyclic amines as etiologic agents in human mammary cancer. Cancer. 1994;74:1070–1077
  45. Davis CD, Schut HA, Snyderwine EG. Adduction of the heterocyclic amine food mutagens IQ and PhIP to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in the liver of Fischer-344 rats. Carcinogenesis. 1994;15:641–645
  46. Takahashi S, Tamano S, Hirose M, et al.  Immunohistochemical demonstration of carcinogen-DNA adducts in tissues of rats given 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) (detection in paraffin-embedded sections and tissue distribution). Cancer Res. 1998;58:4307–4313
  47. Shirai T, Sano M, Tamano S, et al.  The prostate (a target for carcinogenicity of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) derived from cooked foods). Cancer Res. 1997;57:195–198
  48. Baylin SB, Herman JG, Graff JR, et al: Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia. Adv Cancer Res 72: 141–196, 1998.
  49. Wu J, Issa JP, Herman J, et al.  Expression of an exogenous eukaryotic DNA methyltransferase gene induces transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:8891–8895[see comments]
  50. Kautiainen TL, Jones PA. DNA methyltransferase levels in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells in culture. J Biol Chem. 1986;261:1594–1598
  51. el-Deiry WS, Nelkin BD, Celano P, et al.  High expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene characterizes human neoplastic cells and progression stages of colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:3470–3474
  52. Sun L, Hui AM, Kanai Y, et al.  Increased DNA methyltransferase expression is associated with an early stage of human hepatocarcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1997;88:1165–1170
  53. Okano M, Xie S, Li E. Cloning and characterization of a family of novel mammalian DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases. Nat Genet. 1998;19:219–220[letter]
  54. Xie S, Wang Z, Okano M, et al.  Cloning, expression and chromosome locations of the human DNMT3 gene family. Gene. 1999;236:87–95
  55. Bhattacharya SK, Ramchandani S, Cervoni N, et al.  A mammalian protein with specific demethylase activity for mCpG DNA. Nature. 1999;397:579–583[see comments]
  56. De Marzo AM, Marchi VL, Epstein JI, et al.  Proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate (implications for prostatic carcinogenesis). Am J Pathol. 1999;155:1985–1992
  57. Franks LM. Atrophy and hyperplasia in the prostate proper. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1954;68:617–621
  58. McNeal JE. Normal histology of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988;12:619–633
  59. Ruska KM, Sauvageot J, Epstein JI. Histology and cellular kinetics of prostatic atrophy. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:1073–1077
  60. Tchou JC, Lin X, Freije D, et al.  GSTP1 CpG island DNA hypermethylation in hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Oncol. 2000;16:663–676

☆ Funded in part by National Cancer Institute Grants N. CA58326 and N. CA70196 and by an award from the Association for the Cure of Cancer of the Prostate (CaP CURE).

PII: S0090-4295(00)00939-0

Urology
Volume 57, Issue 4, Supplement 1 , Pages 39-45 , April 2001

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution